Fetal Programming

Suboptimal in utero environments
Pancreas programming
Liver programming
sources consulted
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Sources consulted:

Barouki, R., Gluckman, P., Grandjean, P., Hanson, M., & Heindel, J. (2012). Developmental origins of non-communicable disease: Implications for research and public health. Environmental Health, 11, 42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384466/pdf/1476-069X-11-42.pdf

Maritz, G., & Harding, R. (2011). Life-long programming implications of exposure to tobacco smoking and nicotine before and soon after birth: Evidence for altered lung development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(3), 875-98. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3083675/pdf/ijerph-08-00875.pdf

Moisiadis, V. G., & Matthews, S. G. (2014a). Glucocorticoids and fetal programming part 1: Outcomes. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 10(7), 391-402. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2014.73

Puddu, M., Fanos, V., Podda, F., & Zaffanello, M. (2009). The kidney from prenatal to adult life: Perinatal programming and reduction of number of nephrons during development. American Journal of Nephrology, 30(2), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1159/000211324

Remacle, C., Dumortier, O., Bol, V., Goosse, K., Romanus, P., Theys, N., Bouckenooghe, T., & Reusens, B. (2007). Intrauterine programming of the endocrine pancreas. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 9, 196-209. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00790.x

Reynolds, R. M. (2013). Glucocorticoid excess and the developmental origins of disease: Two decades of testing the hypothesis – 2012 Curt Richter Award Winner. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(1), 1-11.http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.08.012

Sookoian, S., Gianotti, T. F., Burgueno, A. L., & Pirola, C. J. (2013). Fetal metabolic programming and epigenetic modificiations: A systems biology approach. Pediatric Research, 73(4), 531-542. https://www.nature.com/articles/pr20132.pdf

Audio clips by Dr. Daniel Hardy
Click on each organ to reveal some possible effects and longer term outcomes that may result from fetal experiences within suboptimal in utero environments.